An evolutionary model with Turing machines

The development of a large non-coding fraction in eukaryotic DNA and the phenomenon of the code-bloat in the field of evolutionary computations show a striking similarity. This seems to suggest that (in the presence of mechanisms of code growth) the evolution of a complex code can't be attained without maintaining a large inactive fraction. To test this hypothesis we performed computer simulations of an evolutionary toy model for Turing machines, studying the relations among fitness and coding/non-coding ratio while varying mutation and code growth rates. The results suggest that, in our model, having a large reservoir of non-coding states constitutes a great (long term) evolutionary advantage.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure

Closed trajectories of a particle model on null curves in anti-de Sitter 3-space

We study the existence of closed trajectories of a particle model on null curves in anti-de Sitter 3-space defined by a functional which is linear in the curvature of the particle path. Explicit expressions for the trajectories are found and the existence of infinitely many closed trajectories is proved.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur

Classical Dynamical Systems from q-algebras:"cluster" variables and explicit solutions

A general procedure to get the explicit solution of the equations of motion for N-body classical Hamiltonian systems equipped with coalgebra symmetry is introduced by defining a set of appropriate collective variables which are based on the iterations of the coproduct map on the generators of the algebra. In this way several examples of N-body dynamical systems obtained from q-Poisson algebras are explicitly solved: the q-deformed version of the sl(2) Calogero-Gaudin system (q-CG), a q-Poincare' Gaudin system and a system of Ruijsenaars type arising from the same (non co-boundary) q-deformation of the (1+1) Poincare' algebra. Also, a unified interpretation of all these systems as different Poisson-Lie dynamics on the same three dimensional solvable Lie group is given.Comment: 19 Latex pages, No figure

A facile method to oxidize carbon nanotubes in controlled flow of oxygen at 350 °C

The functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a very important step in many applications but it is still a very complex and variable task. This work shows an efficient, easily reproducible and optimal method to introduce oxygenated functional groups to CNTs by treating them for 60′ at 350 °C with a mixture of 2% oxygen in argon. The oxidized nanotubes were characterized through FT-IR, Raman and TGA to verify the quality of the oxidation and the lattice integrity of the treated CNTs. The results demonstrate that the treated nanotubes are not damaged even after introducing a significant number of new groups. This methodology could be easily tuned to functionalize other types of graphitic materials

Perspectives in the development of hybrid bifunctional antitumour agents

In spite of the development of a large number of novel target-specific antitumour agents, the single-agent therapy is in general not able to provide an effective durable control of the malignant process. The limited efficacy of the available agents (both conventional cytotoxic and novel target-specific) reflects not only the expression of defence mechanisms, but also the complexity of tumour cell alterations and the redundancy of survival pathways, thus resulting in tumour cell ability to survive under stress conditions. A well-established strategy to improve the efficacy of antitumour therapy is the rational design of drug combinations aimed at achieving synergistic effects and overcoming drug resistance. An alternative strategy could be the use of agents designed to inhibit simultaneously multiple cellular targets relevant to tumour growth/survival. Among these novel agents are hybrid bifunctional drugs, i.e. compounds resulting by conjugation of different drugs or containing the pharmocophores of different drugs. This strategy has been pursued using various conventional or target-specific agents (with DNA damaging agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors as the most exploited compounds). A critical overview of the most representative compounds is provided with emphasis on the HDAC inhibitor-based hybrid agents. In spite of some promising results, the actual pharmacological advantages of the hybrid agents remain to be defined. This commentary summarizes the recent advances in this field and highlights the pharmacological basis for a rational design of hybrid bifunctional agents

Numerical investigation on water exchange of shale samples

Interest in the hydraulic and mechanical characterization of shales has grown in recent years, because of their application in the context of energy geotechnics. In the frame of nuclear waste disposal shales are considered as host formations for the placements of nuclear waste at high depths. In the frame of hydrocarbon production they are considered as unconventional reservoirs, from which extracting natural gas. Understanding how fluids flow through shales is then a key aspect for both fields of application. This paper focuses on the analysis of the transport of water vapour through laboratory samples. After reviewing the balance and flow laws that govern the transport of fluid in unsaturated porous media, a simplified model is put forward. The model was implemented in a commercial finite element code, and it was used to reproduce the results of a literature study on wetting and drying of Opalinus Clay shale samples, imposed through the vapour equilibrium technique. Back analysis of the water content and volume strains of these specimens suggests that existing models underestimate the actual flow rate of water vapour which takes place at low suctions. The current interpretation also seems to be consistent with microstructural investigations on the interconnection between large pores of this material

4-Quinolone fused heterocyclic ring systems by intramolecular reactions of 4-quinolone-2-carboxamides

A versatile synthetic route to new 4-quinolone-based polycyclic systems is described. TFA-catalyzed intramolecular reaction of N-unsubstituted quinolone-2-carboxylic acid amides gives structurally diverse compounds, depending on the length of the chain. Acid treatment of \u3b2-oxoamides furnishes 3H-pyrazino[1,2-a]quinoline-4,6-diones, due to the nucleophilic attack of N-1 to the carbonyl group, whereas TFA treatment of \u3b4- and \u3b5-oxoamides leads to the formation of tetracyclic compounds by a tandem heteroannulation reaction

Cosmological diagrammatic rules

A simple set of diagrammatic rules is formulated for perturbative evaluation of ``in-in" correlators, as is needed in cosmology and other nonequilibrium problems. These rules are both intuitive, and efficient for calculational purposes.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure